Paul

Once Paul has been switched on and the control software has booted, the simulator starts breathing regularly with a physiological respiratory rate of around 45 breaths per minute and normal lung compliance typical in a preterm of this size.

The respiratory rate can be reduced and increased using the “RR” controller in the monitor area directly to the right of the animated lungs.

The small clock below the respiratory rate slider bar automatically changes the respiratory rate over any defined period of time. The default setting is 5 seconds.

The manikin always breathes at the respiratory rate currently defined and the same respiratory rate is displayed in the 3D animation and the animated lung. When respiration is normal, the chest of the manikin rises and falls and the abdomen also moves slightly, synchronized with every breath.

Paul's physiological lung makes it possible to change lung compliance during a training session using the slider bar directly next to the lung on the GUI.

When the compliance is reduced, the lung volume is also reduced, as a result of which the animated lung becomes smaller and indicates reduced compliance. The manikin is then more difficult to ventilate.

The simulator is equipped with multiple LED lights in the head area to visually simulate changes in oxygen saturation.

The peripheral saturation (SpO2) can be changed by dragging the slider.

Paul allows simulation of a pneumothorax on the right or left (or both) sides.

As a pneumothorax usually occurs unilaterally, it is recommended to cut the link between the two lungs using the "Connect" button to simulate a pneumothorax.

In case of a unilateral pneumothorax, the ventilated side of the chest predominantly rises. On the side of the pneumothorax, only very slight chest elevation or no more chest elevation can be observed. On this side, only weakened or no breath sounds can be auscultated.